Teradata Database assigns locking levels and severities to SQL requests by default.
When necessary, Teradata Database upgrades locks while processing system- or user-generated transactions. The most frequent upgrade is from a READ lock to a WRITE lock. This occurs whenever you select a row and then make an update request for the same row before Teradata Database commits the transaction.
About Default Lock Assignments
The following table lists some of the default lock assignments for various SQL requests and their access strategies.
| SQL Statement | Access Type | Default Lock Type Assigned | |
|---|---|---|---|
| UPI or USI | NUSI or FTS | ||
| CREATE DATABASE DROP DATABASE MODIFY DATABASE |
Not applicable | Database | EXCLUSIVE |
| CREATE TABLE DROP TABLE ALTER TABLE |
Not applicable | Table | EXCLUSIVE |
| DELETE | row hash | Table | WRITE |
| INSERT | row hash | Not applicable | WRITE |
| MERGE | row hash |
|
WRITE |
| SELECT | row hash | Table | READ If a SELECT operation is part of a DDL operation, the system might downgrade a rowhash READ lock to an ACCESS lock to avoid blocking. Fore more information, see DDL and DCL Requests, Dictionary Access, and Locks. |
| SELECT AND CONSUME | Row hash | Row hash | WRITE Teradata Database does not grant the lock if the request is delayed because there are no rows in the queue table. As soon as a row is inserted into the table, the system grants the lock, and transaction processing resumes. |
| UPDATE | row hash | Table | WRITE |
Load-isolated tables lock defaults differ somewhat from standard defaults. Nonconcurrent load-isolated modifications that use INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/MERGE statements block the reader sessions from selecting committed rows. Nonconcurrent load-isolated modifications performed using SQL use EXCLUSIVE locks instead of WRITE locks.
For more information, see Load Isolation.
Changing Lock Assignments Using the LOCKING Request Modifier
Depending on the assigned lock and the individual SQL request, you can change some default lock assignments using the LOCKING request modifier (see “LOCKING Request Modifier” in Teradata Vantage™ - SQL Data Manipulation Language, B035-1146 for syntax and usage details). You can upgrade any lower severity lock to a higher severity lock, but the only downgrade permitted is from a READ lock to an ACCESS lock.
The following table provides a summary of the allowable changes for database locks.
| A change from this default assignment lock … | TO this user-specified lock … | IS … |
|---|---|---|
| ACCESS Even though a CHECKSUM lock is essentially identical to an ACCESS lock, you can only specify CHECKSUM locks explicitly using the LOCKING request modifier; you cannot upgrade them to a higher severity lock. This is because Teradata Database never specifies CHECKSUM as a default lock severity. |
ACCESS | redundant, but valid. |
| READ | READ | |
| WRITE | WRITE | |
| EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | |
| ACCESS | READ | a valid upgrade. |
| WRITE | ||
| EXCLUSIVE | ||
| READ | WRITE | |
| EXCLUSIVE | ||
| WRITE | EXCLUSIVE | |
| READ | ACCESS | a valid downgrade. |
The following table combines the information from the two previous tables to indicate associations between individual SQL DML statements and lock upgrades and downgrades at the rowhash, view, and table database object levels:
| This LOCKING request modifier severity specification … | Is available for this SQL DML statement … |
|---|---|
| EXCLUSIVE |
|
| WRITE |
|
| READ | SELECT |
| ACCESS | SELECT |
The reason you can only specify the LOCKING FOR EXCLUSIVE modifier for DELETE, INSERT, MERGE, and UPDATE requests is that the default lock severity for these statements is WRITE. You cannot downgrade a WRITE lock because doing so would compromise the integrity of the database. Because the SELECT statement does not update data, and therefore its actions cannot compromise database integrity, you are permitted to change its default locking severity to any other severity. This option does not extend to its SELECT AND CONSUME variant, for which the severity can only be upgraded to WRITE or EXCLUSIVE.
Rules for Upgrading Locks
- If two transactions concurrently hold READ locks for the same data and the first transaction enters an update request, then its READ lock cannot be upgraded to a WRITE lock until the READ lock for the second transaction is released.
- If other transactions are awaiting locks for the same data when the first transaction enters its update request, its READ lock is upgraded before the waiting transactions are given locks. Thus, upgrading an existing lock has higher priority than does granting a new lock.
You can determine the current status of operations such as request blocking and transaction aborts for a particular session using the Query Session utility (see Teradata Vantage™ - Database Utilities , B035-1102 for details on how to use Query Session).
Guidelines for Changing Default Lock Assignments and Changing Intratransaction Request Orders to Maximize Concurrency
- Use ACCESS locks in place of READ locks whenever an application can tolerate dirty reads.
If you have load-isolated tables, however, you can use the LOAD COMMITTED locking modifier to read committed rows without being blocked and without blocking the concurrent isolated modifications. Using load-isolated tables allows you to obtain committed reads instead of dirty reads. For more information about load-isolated tables, see Load Isolation.
- A SELECT request that requires a READ lock on a table cannot run concurrently with an executing CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE … FALLBACK request for the same table.
Instead, specify a READ lock for the CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE request to permit concurrency (see “LOCKING Request Modifier” in Teradata Vantage™ - SQL Data Manipulation Language, B035-1146 for information about how to do this).
- If the CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE … FALLBACK LOCKING request modifier specifies WRITE (or if there is no LOCKING request modifier specified), then specify an ACCESS lock in a LOCKING request modifier on your SELECT request to permit concurrency (see “LOCKING” in
Teradata Vantage™ - SQL Data Manipulation Language, B035-1146 for information about how to do this).
Note that the ALTER TABLE operation can be to add FALLBACK only; if other table attributes are added, then ALTER TABLE cannot run concurrently with SELECT.
- Because requests for WRITE locks can result in transactions being blocked, and can also result in deadlocks, you should consider running only read-only transactions (or access-only if a LOCKING FOR WRITE clause is specified) concurrently with ALTER TABLE … FALLBACK or CREATE INDEX statements. See “LOCKING Request Modifier” in Teradata Vantage™ - SQL Data Manipulation Language, B035-1146 for information about how to do this.
- Be aware that when running long transactions concurrently with CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE … FALLBACK, the CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE request might not complete until the long running transactions have completed.
- To avoid the chance of deadlocks with other DML transactions or DDL requests, consider writing your DML transactions to immediately obtain the highest severity lock they will require rather than attempt to upgrade a less severe lock at a later time during transaction processing.
- You should always place SELECT AND CONSUME requests as early as possible in a transaction to avoid conflicts with other database resources. This is to minimize the likelihood of a situation where a SELECT AND CONSUME TOP 1 request would enter a delayed state while holding locks on resources that might be needed by other requests.